Nuclear fusion is one of the simplest, and yet most powerful, physical processes in the universe. Nuclear fusion joins smaller atoms into larger atoms, producing energy Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and Hans Bethe developed the theoretical concept of what Eddington had proposed, now known as nuclear fusion, and calculated how the nuclear fusion reactions that power our sun worked.Īs soon as we understood the nuclear furnace resting in the heart of our sun, which was in fact a giant ball of incandescent (mostly hydrogen) gas and not, as Anaxagoras had surmised, a fiery metal orb (good guess, though!), we started wondering-“Hey, can we do that here on Earth, too?”Īnd thus the quest for nuclear fusion energy production began. Soon after, Albert Einstein developed his theory of mass-energy equivalence, best expressed in his famous formula E=mc2 in 1920 Sir Arthur Eddington proposed that the sun could be producing energy, as expressed by Einstein’s work, by and merging hydrogen atoms to create helium and thus giving out heat and light – essentially, nuclear fusion energy production. In 1904, Ernest Rutherford suggested that radioactive decay may be responsible for our sun’s output. It wasn’t until the 20th century, after the discovery of radioactivity, that we figured out nuclear fusion science. Over the next two thousand years or so, scientists and philosophers the world over-in the Mediterranean, in the Middle East, in Asia, and in Europe-learned more and more about the sun, but it wasn’t until the beginning of the modern scientific era in the 19th century that we had the tools to start tackling one of the biggest questions in the world: Where does all the sun’s energy come from? Discovering Nuclear Fusion Power The sun is, in fact, 147 million kilometers away from the Earth at the closest point in our orbit and 153 million kilometers at the farthest point. People did not like being told this.Īround the same time, Erastothenes of Cyrene, the Greek mathematician renowned for calculating the circumference of the Earth with astonishing precision, also calculated the distance from the sun to the Earth as being about 150 million kilometers (about 94 million miles). Around the same time, another Greek astronomer and philosopher, Anaxagoras, suggested that the sun was not, in fact, the chariot of Helios and was instead a giant ball of flaming metal that orbited the Earth. The first person in recorded history to say that our world revolves around the sun, literally and not just metaphorically, was the Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos, who lived during the 3rd century BC. From the North-West pediment of the temple of Athena in Ilion (Troy). Relief showing Helios, sun god in the Greco-Roman mythology. *And you would be correct, because it does. You might say, in fact, that our world revolves around the sun.* The sun gives us heat and light, our changing seasons, and makes all life and civilization on Earth possible. Many religions, ancient and modern, see the radiant, blinding disk in the sky as an icon of divine beings such as Aten, Utu, Tonatiuh, Sol Invictus, Ameratsu, Surya, etc. Ancient Egyptians venerated it as the god Ra, who sailed across the sky in a celestial boat as one might sail down the Nile ancient Greeks worshiped it as Helios, who drove a chariot from horizon to horizon pulled by flaming horses. Since the dawn of time, humanity has stood in awe of our sun. To answer “how nuclear fusion works,” perhaps we should first ask, “how does the sun work?” This is a false-color image of the Sun observed in the extreme ultraviolet region of the spectrum. The Sun photographed at 304 angstroms by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA 304) of NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO).
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It imports and exports MOV video files and ADM BWF files (audio files with Dolby Atmos metadata) it also imports MXF, ACID and REX files and the lossy formats MP3, AAC, M4A, and audio from video files ( MOV, MP4, M4V). Pro Tools supports mixed bit depths and audio formats in a session: BWF/ WAV (including WAVE Extensible, RF64 and BW64) and AIFF. 16-bit, 24-bit, and 32-bit float audio bit depths at sample rates up to 192 kHz are supported. Audio effects, virtual instruments, and hardware emulators-such as microphone preamps or guitar amplifiers-can be added, adjusted, and processed in real-time in a virtual mixer. Like all digital audio workstation software, Pro Tools can perform the functions of a multitrack tape recorder and a mixing console along with additional features that can only be performed in the digital domain, such as non-linear and non-destructive editing (most of audio handling is done without overwriting the source files), track compositing with multiple playlists, time compression and expansion, pitch shifting, and faster-than-real-time mixdown.Īudio, MIDI, and video tracks are graphically represented on a timeline. The DSP is used to provide additional processing power to the host computer for processing real-time effects, such as reverb, equalization, and compression and to obtain lower latency audio performance. Pro Tools operates both as standalone software and in conjunction with a range of external analog-to-digital converters and PCIe cards with on-board digital signal processors (DSP). It is used for music creation and production, sound for picture ( sound design, audio post-production and mixing) and, more generally, sound recording, editing, and mastering processes. Pro Tools is a digital audio workstation (DAW) developed and released by Avid Technology (formerly Digidesign) for Microsoft Windows and macOS. Now Pro Tools integrates perfectly with SoundCloud to be able to upload projects straight to your profile, another innovation that you'll surely be able to make the most of.ĭownload Pro Tools and place the leading audio workstation on your computer.Chinese (Traditional and Simplified), English, French, German, Japanese, Korean, Spanish Use this software both with the Pro Tools hardware as well as with third party equipment and tools. Pro Tools offers a revamped mixing console, as well as a new disc management interface and AudioSuite. Obtain the best sound quality possible with a pack of dynamic and flexible tools which favor your daily work. ProTools is an industry reference application which grows with each new version.
We are certain that we can provide you with quality timber frame design to suit your lifestyle. The expanding inventory of homes that we have built and designed run the gamut of aesthetic disciplines. The intent behind offering these plans is to give you an idea of the range of possibilities that a hybrid timber frame home can offer you. Whether you’d like to add some posts, beams and Timber Trusses to the interior of your home, or a timber frame porch and entry – almost any house plan can be customized with timbers. You can use those as a starting point, or come up with completely new concepts. To assist in your search for the right post and beam design, take a look at the hybrid timber home plans below. Our team works seamlessly with owners, builders, and architects. Seeing it in 3D allows you to make instinctive decisions on your timber design before the sawmill ever starts cutting timbers. A two story sprawling rustic timber home? We’ve got a few home plan inspirations you should see! Looking to custom design a one story home with 3 garages? Let’s start brainstorming. You will have as much control over the design process as you desire. Get your necessary items in place, then add as you go.We’ll customize your home design with timbers or help design a brand new one. We promise, you will not regret having the sound and beautiful timber frame structure. Prioritize your list of “must haves” and decide what should be installed as you build and what can be done or upgraded at a later date. The important thing to remember: a quality post and beam home has “great bones.” You don’t need to have top-of-the-line everything right from the start. Make Informed Decisions on Finishes/Fixtures You can also choose to use wood planks on select areas of your home and use drywall in less “showy’ areas. Tongue and groove wood planks are beautiful, but they are definitely more expensive. You may discover you don’t need the posts showing in bedrooms and/or baths, which will save you money. Build a “Hybrid” Timber FrameĪ hybrid design uses a true post and beam frame for the main living areas (great room, kitchen, dining room), while using partial or no timber frame in the rest of the structure (or vice versa, as the client desires). Same thing with windows, you can combine less expensive, but very good quality windows for a “wall of glass’ effect less expensively than putting in a massive one-piece unit. Once you hit turned flights or curved, you’re talking more money. The least expensive staircase is the straight flight, either on an interior or exterior wall. The less embellishment you have in a timber frame, the lower your cost will be. No Frame OrnamentationĪrched cornices and embellishments on a timber frame are lovely, but so are the clean lines of a post and beam frame. You will retain the sense of volume in the room while the space above becomes additional usable square footage. Instead of a living room with a vaulted ceiling, put a 10’ or 12’ ceiling over this space. Vaulted ceilings may add character to your home, but you are using (and paying for) large volumes of space when you have one in a first level floor plan. We have a saying: “Go up, not out”, to save money. Single story structures, ells, dormers, or any type of bump-out are going to add to the cost per square foot. Per square foot, the least expensive home to build is a basic 2-story rectangle shape. Budget will be one of the first questions you’re asked and one of the topics you’ll revisit during your build experience. There will be give and take it’s a normal part of the build process. Before starting the design process, you need to know your budget and keep it in mind as you navigate the course of the build process. However, there are ways you can keep the cost of a timber frame home down while maintaining the feel of a post and beam. The reasons for this include the cost of a high quality wood timber frame (versus inexpensive wood studs), superior insulation, and the typical use of expansive glass areas. Timber frame homes typically cost more to build than a 2×4 “stick built” home. |
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